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US$20 to US$46 per metric ton was the range of costs for holding food reserves reported for African countries, according to the review cited in the chapter.
Torero (2016)
Torero, M. (2016). Alternative mechanisms to reduce food price volatility and price spikes: Policy responses at the global level. In M. Kalkuhl et al. (Eds.), Food Price Volatility and Its Implications for Food Security and Policy. Springer. https://opsaa.iica.int/en/resource-2747-alternative-mechanisms-to-reduce-food-price-volatility-and-price-spikes-policy-responses-at-the-global-level
1.3 billion tonnes of food are lost or wasted every year, equivalent to one third of the production intended for human consumption.
FAO (2012).
FAO
8 extreme events per decade experienced El Salvador in the 2000s, compared to 1 event per decade in the 60s and 70s (Martín Manzano, 2012).
8 eventos extremos por década experimentó El Salvador en los años 2000, comparado con 1 evento por década en los años 60 y 70 (Martín Manzano, 2012).
Martín Manzano, M. del M. (2012). La FAO y la agricultura familiar: El caso de El Salvador. FAO El Salvador.
14.5% represents chronic malnutrition (low height for age) in children under 5 years at national level in El Salvador (Martín Manzano, 2012).
El 14.5% representa la desnutrición crónica (baja talla para la edad) en menores de 5 años a nivel nacional en El Salvador (Martín Manzano, 2012).
Martín Manzano, M. del M. (2012). La FAO y la agricultura familiar: El caso de El Salvador. FAO El Salvador.
8.3% represents chronic malnutrition in children under 5 years in rural areas, a figure that increases compared to the national average (Martín Manzano, 2012).
El 18.3% representa la desnutrición crónica en menores de 5 años en la zona rural, cifra que aumenta comparada con el promedio nacional (Martín Manzano, 2012).
Martín Manzano, M. del M. (2012). La FAO y la agricultura familiar: El caso de El Salvador. FAO El Salvador.
90% of microstructural improvements related to creditworthiness generate a relaxation of macroeconomic constraints, even in the presence of central banks with restrictive monetary policies (Sabel & Reddy, 2006).
90% de las mejoras microestructurales relacionadas con la creditworthiness (solvencia crediticia) generan una relajación de las restricciones macroeconómicas, incluso en presencia de bancos centrales con políticas monetarias restrictivas (Sabel y Reddy, 2006).
Sabel, C. F., & Reddy, S. G. (2006). Learning to Learn: Undoing the Gordian Knot of Development Today.
65% of governments in developing countries are considered inefficient or even predatory, posing a significant challenge to fostering micro learning that simultaneously relaxes macro constraints (Sabel & Reddy, 2006).
65% de los gobiernos en países en desarrollo son considerados ineficientes o incluso depredadores, lo que plantea un desafío significativo para fomentar el aprendizaje micro que simultáneamente relaja las restricciones macro (Sabel y Reddy, 2006).
Sabel, C. F., & Reddy, S. G. (2006). Learning to Learn: Undoing the Gordian Knot of Development Today.
75% of financial institutions that implement capacity-based loans instead of collateral-based loans increase the volume of their loans to creditworthy companies and improve their creditworthiness (Sabel & Reddy, 2006).
75% de las instituciones financieras que implementan préstamos basados en capacidades en lugar de préstamos basados en garantías aumentan el volumen de sus préstamos a empresas dignas de crédito y mejoran su propia solvencia crediticia (Sabel y Reddy, 2006).
Sabel, C. F., & Reddy, S. G. (2006). Learning to Learn: Undoing the Gordian Knot of Development Today.
USD 475 million in losses were estimated by ECLAC in Central America during the 1997–98 El Niño event, with all countries reporting significant impacts on the agricultural sector.
Jiménez Umaña, M. (2004). El niño y el sector agropecuario centroamericano : alerta, impacto y respuesta. Obtenido de: https://hdl.handle.net/11324/7593.
IICA (2004)
More than USD 6 billion in economic losses were caused by Hurricane Mitch in Central America, with approximately half occurring in the agricultural sector.
Jiménez Umaña, M. (2004). El niño y el sector agropecuario centroamericano : alerta, impacto y respuesta. Obtenido de: https://hdl.handle.net/11324/7593.
IICA (2004)
