4.3% global reduction in rice yields

4.3% was the average reduction in global annual rice yields between 1980 and 2015 due to flooding; losses reached 14% along China's eastern coast.

OECD (2026), “Anticipating and monitoring water risks for agriculture”, OECD Food, Agriculture and Fisheries Papers, No. 226, OECD Publishing, Paris, https://doi.org/10.1787/24939e6a-en

OECD (2026),

10% of agricultural land faces waterlogging

10% of global agricultural land is affected by waterlogging or severe drainage constraints, reducing crop growth and agricultural productivity.

OECD (2026), “Anticipating and monitoring water risks for agriculture”, OECD Food, Agriculture and Fisheries Papers, No. 226, OECD Publishing, Paris, https://doi.org/10.1787/24939e6a-en.

OECD (2026)

100,000 people supported

More than 100,000 people in 250 rural communities benefited from anticipatory actions implemented in nine countries during the 2023-2024 El Niño event, with increases of up to 40% in maize and bean production in some Central American countries.

World Food Programme (2026)

World Food Programme. (2026, May 14). United Nations: Latin America and the Caribbean faces increased food insecurity risks due to El Niño. https://www.wfp.org/news/united-nations-latin-america-and-caribbean-faces-increased-food-insecurity-risks-due-el-nino

Restored Hectares in Perú's Andes

500 hectares were restored in andean areas of Peru, reflecting the progress made in the recovery of high-Andean ecosystems and the implementation of sustainable management practices documented across multiple restoration experiences (SERFOR, 2018).

SERFOR, 2018

Peru: Expanding Agroforestry Systems

3,000 hectares were rehabilitated through agroforestry systems in various regions of Peru, combining forest species and crops to restore degraded soils and strengthen the livelihoods of local communities, according to documented experiences (SERFOR, 2018).

SERFOR, 2018

Peru: Management in Amazonian Ecosystems

1,250 hectares are under management or recovery processes in Amazonian ecosystems of Peru, integrating ecological restoration actions and sustainable forest management practices documented across various experiences in the country (SERFOR, 2018).

SERFOR, 2018

Basic services: gap in productivity

42.7 was the external relative labor productivity index for Basic services in LAC versus the EU (EU=100) in 2023 (ECLAC, 2025).

42,7 fue el índice de productividad laboral relativa externa del sector Servicios básicos de ALC frente a la UE (UE=100) en 2023, según el informe (CEPAL, 2025).

Farmers and Climate in Peruvian Amazon

In Peru’s Upper Huallaga basin, 73 structured farmer interviews were integrated with local station and ERA-5 data. A temperature rise of +0.2 °C per decade matched farmers’ perceptions. Increased crop water deficit and surplus volumes suggest more intense sub-daily convective rainfall, helping explain perceived changes in precipitation and wind (Serrano et al., 2025).

Livia Serrao; Lorenzo Giovannini; Luz Elita Balcazar Terrones; Hugo Alfredo Huamaní Yupanqui; Guido Zolezzi; Dino Zardi

University of Trento (Dept. of Civil, Environmental and Mechanical Engineering) Universidad Nacional Agraria de la Selva & Instituto de Investigaciones de la Amazonía Peruana (Tingo María, Huánuco) Center Agriculture Food Environment (C³A), Italia — Università di Trento

Water withdrawals

61.6% of water withdrawals in Brazil come from agriculture, although water stress is low, with a value of 0.8 (OECD, 2024).

OECD (2024), Agricultural Policy Monitoring and Evaluation 2024: Innovation for Sustainable Productivity Growth, OECD Publishing, Paris, https://doi.org/10.1787/74da57ed-en

Water production

5 times increased water production in Trinidad and Tobago, from 50 IMGD in 1965 to 243 IMGD in 2020, while the population only doubled (Govia & Roopnarine, 2024).

5 veces aumentó la producción de agua en Trinidad y Tobago, pasando de 50 IMGD en 1965 a 243 IMGD en 2020, mientras que la población solo se duplicó (Govia & Roopnarine, 2024).

Govia, S., & Roopnarine, R. (2024). Untapped and Untold: The Hidden Connection between Water and Sustainability in Trinidad and Tobago. Caribbean Water and Wastewater Association (CWWA). Port of Spain, Trinidad and Tobago.