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The IMF warns that energy-importing Caribbean countries face balance of payments pressures due to rising oil and food prices; oil surpassed USD 100/barrel (+50% in one month), with additional risks for tourism- and remittance-dependent economies.
Kozack, J. ( 2026). International Monetary Fund.
International Monetary Fund 2026
Rising borrowing costs are increasing the potential economic burden of disruptions in the Strait of Hormuz. Following the military escalation, sovereign bond yields rose by between 0.24 and 0.64 percentage points, reaching as high as 7.1%.
UN Trade and Development (UNCTAD), (2026, 10 de marzo). Las interrupciones del transporte marítimo en Ormuz aumentan los riesgos para la energía, los fertilizantes y las economías vulnerables.
UN Trade and Development (UNCTAD)
33% of global maritime fertilizer trade (16 Mt) passes through the Strait of Hormuz, and in some countries, up to 54% of imports come from the Persian Gulf. During the last energy crisis, the natural gas index exceeded 1,000, while nitrogen fertilizers exceeded 700 (urea) and 900 (DAP).
UN Trade and Development (UNCTAD), (2026, 10 de marzo). Las interrupciones del transporte marítimo en Ormuz aumentan los riesgos para la energía, los fertilizantes y las economías vulnerables.
UN Trade and Development (UNCTAD)
Freight rates for oil tankers rose (BDTI +54% and BCTI +72%), while marine fuel prices increased by up to +99% for low-sulfur fuel and +100% for high-sulfur fuel, driving up transportation costs in global supply chains.
UNCTAD (2026). Las interrupciones del transporte marítimo en Ormuz aumentan los riesgos para la energía, los fertilizantes y las economías vulnerables.
UN Trade and Development (UNCTAD)
The price of Brent crude rose by 27%, reaching approximately $91.80 per barrel, while the price of European natural gas (TTF) rose by 74%, reaching nearly €55.80 per MWh.
UN Trade and Development (UNCTAD), (2026, 10 de marzo). Las interrupciones del transporte marítimo en Ormuz aumentan los riesgos para la energía, los fertilizantes y las economías vulnerables.
UN Trade and Development (UNCTAD)
Ship traffic through the Strait of Hormuz fell more than 95% (from over 100 vessels per day to fewer than 10), disrupting flows of oil, LNG and fertilizers essential for global agricultural production (UNCTAD, 2026).
UNCTAD. (2026). Actualización sobre el comercio mundial 2026: Principales tendencias que configuran el comercio internacional. Naciones Unidas.
Conferencia de las Naciones Unidas sobre Comercio y Desarrollo (2026)
The study identifies contradictions and methodological gaps in research on the Coffee Cultural Landscape, and concludes that its heritage management faces unresolved tensions between institutional discourses and territorial realities (Cruz-Rincón, D. F. , 2024).
Duván Fernando Cruz-Rincón
Universidad del Valle - Facultad de Ciencias de la Administración
14% of cereals and 4.5% of soybeans traded globally transit the Suez Canal (IFPRI, 2024).
Alrededor del 14% de los cereales y el 4,5% de la soja comercializados a nivel mundial pasan por el Canal de Suez. (IFPRI, 2024)
IFPRI.2024.Impacts of Red Sea shipping disruptions on global food security.Blog
14% of cereals and 4.5% of soybeans traded globally pass through the Suez Canal.
JOSEPH GLAUBER AND ABDULLAH MAMUN (jan 2024). IFPRI. IFPRI Blog : Issue post: Impacts of Red Sea shipping disruptions on global food security
Between 0.1% and 1% of real GDP in the US and Europe would be affected by friendshoring, with a higher impact of up to 4.7% in countries in between the West and its adversaries (IMF, 2023).
FMI
The Economist (August 30, 2023). What is “friendshoring”? https://www.economist.com/the-economist-explains/2023/08/30/what-is-friendshoring