PAI focused on improving access to credit

0.6% of the 497 productive articulation initiatives (PAI) (same 20 countries; 2023–2025) prioritize improving access to credit (ECLAC, 2025).

PAI: focused on specialized public infrastructure

0.4% of the 497 productive articulation initiatives (PAI) (same 20 countries; 2023–2025) focus on specialized public infrastructure development (ECLAC, 2025).

0,4% de las 497 iniciativas de articulación productiva (IAP) (en los 20 países listados; 2023–2025) reporta como foco estratégico el desarrollo de infraestructura pública especializada, según el informe (CEPAL, 2025).

Agricultural sector predominance in IAP

In Latin America and the Caribbean, the agriculture, forestry, hunting and fishing sector accounts for 248 productive articulation initiatives (PAI), representing 34.8% of the total, according to the report (ECLAC, 2025).

En América Latina y el Caribe, el sector agrícola, silvicultura, caza y pesca concentra 248 iniciativas de articulación productiva (IAP), equivalentes al 34,8% del total de IAP identificadas, según el informe (CEPAL, 2025).

Private-sector financing of PAI

270 initiatives (39.3%) receive private-sector financing in the dataset of 687 IAPs across 18 countries (2023–2025) (ECLAC, 2025).

270 iniciativas (39,3%) reciben apoyo financiero del sector privado en la base de 687 Iniciativas de Articulación Productiva (IAP) de 18 países (2023–2025) reportada por el informe (CEPAL, 2025).

Productive Articulation Initiatives (PAI)

687 IAPs make up the database with information used to classify productive articulation initiatives financing sources in 18 countries (2023–2025), according to the note in the report’s financing chart (ECLAC, 2025).

687 IAP conforman la base con información usada para clasificar fuentes de financiamiento de iniciativas en 18 países (2023–2025), según la nota del gráfico de financiamiento del informe (CEPAL, 2025).

Share of agricultural IAP initiatives

248 initiatives (equivalent to 34.8% of the total identified) correspond to agriculture, forestry, hunting and fishing in the report’s mapping of productive articulation initiatives (ECLAC, 2025).

248 iniciativas (equivalentes al 34,8% del total identificado) corresponden al sector agrícola, silvicultura, caza y pesca en el mapeo de iniciativas de articulación productiva del informe (CEPAL, 2025).

Climate equivalent annual investment required

3.7% to 4.9% of regional GDP is the estimated average annual equivalent of climate investment through 2030 in LAC (ECLAC, 2025).

3,7% a 4,9% del PIB regional es el equivalente anual promedio de la inversión climática estimada hasta 2030 en ALC, según el informe (CEPAL, 2025).

Basic services: gap in productivity

42.7 was the external relative labor productivity index for Basic services in LAC versus the EU (EU=100) in 2023 (ECLAC, 2025).

42,7 fue el índice de productividad laboral relativa externa del sector Servicios básicos de ALC frente a la UE (UE=100) en 2023, según el informe (CEPAL, 2025).

Effects of temperature on cattle

A study of 159 Gyr crossbred dairy cows under tropical conditions in Peru compared two estrus synchronization protocols (conventional PC9 vs. extended J-Synch6) for follicular timed induction (FTAI) and evaluated their relationship with heat stress index (THI) in seven critical phases of the program. Both protocols showed similar estrus and pregnancy rates, but J-Synch6 produced larger preovulatory follicles, and its estrus manifestation was more sensitive to hours without heat stress (THI < 72) and to stress peaks (THI ≥ 83) during the follicular growth phase (Vásquez et al., 2025).

Vásquez-Tarrillo, R. W.; Hernández-Guevara, J. E.; Depaz-Hizo, B. A.; Ampuero-Trigoso, G.; Poclín-Rojas, A. Y.; Rojas-Reategui, M.; Segura Portocarrero, G. T.; Juarez-Moreno, J. D.; Quispe-Ccasa, H. A. (2025)

Instituto Nacional de Innovación Agraria (INIA)

Agricultural policies in Peru 2019-2022

State support for the Peruvian agricultural sector (2019–2022) is analyzed using the OECD methodology (PSE and GSSE), quantifying subsidies, general services, and competitiveness programs, and linking them to the sector's GHG emissions. It assesses its consistency with the NDCs and the National Agricultural Policy 2021–2030, highlighting the need to reorient incentives towards climate-smart and low-carbon agricultural practices.

Banco Interamericano de Desarrollo (BID)

De los Santos, J., Muñoz, G., Tellez-Lara, N., Rondinone, G., & De Salvo, C. P. (2025). Políticas agropecuarias en Perú 2019-2022: análisis y cuantificación de los apoyos y su vinculación con las emisiones de gases de efecto invernadero.